Class 12, Zoology PPT - Human Health and Diseases (Part 2)
Class 12, Zoology PPT - Human Health and Diseases (Part 2)
Chapter outline
8.1 Basic concepts of immunology
8.2 Innate immunity
8.3 Acquired immunity
8.4 Immune responses
8.5 Lymphoid organs
8.6 Antigens
8.7 Antibodies
8.8 Antigen- antibody interactions
8.9 Vaccines
8.10 Vaccination and immunization
8.11 Hypersensitivity
8.12 Immunodeficiency diseases
8.13 Autoimmune diseases
8.14 Tumour immunology
Learning objectives
➢ Understands the basic concepts of immunology.
➢ Differentiates between innate immunity and
acquired immunity, primary immune response
and secondary immune response, active and passive immunity.
➢ Realizes the importance of immunization.
➢ Learns to comprehend the concept of
hypersensitivity.
Immunology: Easy Hints
lymphoid organs
B–T → Bone marrow + Thymus
Bone marrow - B cells → Bone marrow
Thymus - T cells → Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
L–S–M → Lymph nodes, Spleen, MALT
Lymph nodes
Filter lymph → immune response
Spleen
Filters blood → immune response
MALT
Mucosal protection – tonsils, Peyers patches, appendix etc.
🧪 Immunoglobulin (Antibody) Structure
Hint: "Y = 2 Heavy + 2 Light"
Y-shaped molecule
2 Heavy (H) chains
2 Light (L) chains
Disulfide bonds hold chains together
region → antigen binding
Constant region → biological function
Memory:
👉 "Y has 2H + 2L"
🛡️ Primary vs Secondary Immune Responseresponse
Primary response - Secondary response
First exposure. Second/subsequent exposure
Slow. Rapid
Lower antibody level. Higher antibody level
Memory cells formed. Memory cells respond quickly
Easy hint:
Primary = First. Slow + Less
Secondary = Second + + More
🦠 HIV Structure – Easy Hint
“HIV = RNA + RT + Capsid + Envelope"
RNA → material
Reverse transcriptase (RT) → important enzyme
Capsid → protein covering around viral genome
Envelope → outer covering
gp120 & gp41 → important envelope glycoproteins
CD4 receptor → HIV mainly targets, CD4⁺ T-helper cells
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