Class 12, Zoology PPT - 2. Human Reproduction
Class 12, Zoology PPT - 2. Human Reproduction
Chapter Outline
2.1 Human reproductive system
2.2 Gametogenesis
2.3 Menstrual cycle
2.4 Menstrual disorders and menstrual
hygiene
2.5 Fertilization and implantation
2.6 Maintenance of pregnancy and
embryonic development
2.7 Parturition and lactation
Learning Objectives
➢ Creates an awareness towards a healthy reproductive life in adolescents.
➢ Understands the structure of the male and female reproductive systems.
➢ Explains the functions of the structures associated with the male and female
reproductive system.
➢ Compares the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
➢ Discusses the changes in a female body
during and after Fertilization.
➢ Appraises the role of hormones in the process of reproduction.
➢ Understands the events in pregnancy
and foetal development.
Human Reproduction – Quick Hints
Reproduction is a process that allows living organisms to create new individuals.
There are two types of reproduction: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction happens when one parent is involved. The offspring that are produced are usually very similar in genetics to the parent.
Sexual reproduction involves the creation and joining of cells called gametes.
The male gamete is known as the sperm.
The female gamete is known as the ovum.
Fertilization is the process where the male gamete and the female gamete join together. This forms a zygote.
The zygote is the first cell of the new organism.
Spermatogenesis is the process that forms sperm cells in the testes.
Oogenesis is the process that forms egg cells in the ovaries.
Testosterone is the male sex hormone.
Estrogen and progesterone are the female sex hormones.
A sperm cell has four parts: the head, the neck, the middle piece and the tail.
The acrosome is a structure at the tip of the sperm head. It helps the sperm break through the layer of the ovum.
Mitochondria are found in numbers in the middle piece of the sperm. They supply the energy needed for the sperm to move.
Ovulation is when a mature ovum is released from the ovary.
After ovulation the ruptured Graafian follicle turns into the corpus luteum.
Implantation happens when the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus called the endometrium.
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing embryo to the mother. It allows for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste materials.
Gestation is the period when the embryo or fetus grows inside the uterus.
Parturition is the process of giving birth.
Lactation is the production and release of milk by the glands.
Colostrum is the milk produced after birth. It is rich, in antibodies, IgA which helps protect the newborn.
In humans fertilization usually occurs in the isthmic junction of the fallopian tube.
Cleavage is the series of mitotic divisions that the zygote goes through.
The morula is a ball of cells formed during early cleavage.
The blastocyst is the stage that travels to the uterus and implants there.
The inner cell mass is the part of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo.
The trophoblast is the layer of the blastocyst. It helps form the placenta.
HCG is a hormone that helps keep the corpus luteum active during pregnancy.
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